Mgt 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mgt 1 - Essay Example If employees feel that the increase in productivity will threaten their jobs due to innovation and mechanization, they may fail to engage in productivity improvement and other forms of cooperation. Employment security facilitates the implementation of the other high-performance management practices such as extensive training. An example of a practical experience is the case of the General Motors’ as it aimed at implementing new arrangement of work in its Saturn plant in which case the management guaranteed the employees their job security (Pfeffer and Veiga 40). Once employees have the assurance that their employment will not be interfered with, they tend to work harder and offer their knowledge and efforts to increase the productivity of the organization. Laying off of the employees that a company has spent resources training and developing their talents is a great loss as it opens unhealthy competition from the other closely-related firms. Employment security can be guarante ed by taking obligations with the workers unions, which intervene in case an employee is dismissed unlawfully. Firms may lay off their employees due to some financial strains, but the action leads to losses, as the company has to pay benefits, which consumes its finances leading to more strains. The biggest loss is to those companies that offer extensive training and development to their employees because they lose the talents and abilities of these workers (Pfeffer and Veiga 40). Job security helps in building the employee partnership in various organizations, especially in the long-term. Many firms will pursue short-term benefits at the expense of their employees job security. Such firms find themselves in difficult situations since their employees have low morale and are less productive leading to the company’s poor performance. When companies or

Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Marketing Plan - Essay Example 450). John Lewis departmental store describes its customers in terms of demographics and psychographics. According to Attwood (2007), John Lewis departmental store serves the affluent and middle classes whose income may not be reduced so much by high bills. This is shown by the high priced goods sold in stores. John Lewis customers are also trendy and value fashion. This organization can increase its market share by coming up with new products, which can best serve the low income earners. John Lewis will come up with low-priced differentiated products. United Kingdom’s retail market is dominated by six huge retailers who account for 60 percent of all goods sold in the region (Board Bia, 2012, p. 3). As a result, this market is extremely competitive. This market is fast moving and at the vanguard of initiatives. Because of the continuous changes in the market, John Lewis has developed exceptional points of difference to attract new patrons and entice the existing customers to s pend more (Capon and Hulbert, 2007, p. 345). Any departmental store or a supermarket is considered John Lewis’s competitor. ... Mark and Spencer is also a chief retailer in United Kingdom with more than seven hundred stores across United Kingdom and more than three hundred in other nations. Its products are luxury food items and clothing. It is the biggest retailer and controls 24 percent of the market (Board Bia, 2012, p. 5-7). Because of the intense competition John Lewis has developed exceptional points of difference to attract new patrons and entice the existing customers to spend more. The Buying Process of the Targeted Customers The buying process involves numerous activities by both customers and the company personnel. John Lewis has majored in customer service, which has made its profits grow over the past few months (John Lewis, 2012). Therefore, this process starts from the point where the customer recognizes his or her need or becomes aware of his or her problem (Lamb et al, 2009, p. 224). This may be the need for a new cloth, new phone, new car insurance or body cream. After identification of the need, the customer sets his or her quest for information on the products that can adequately satisfy his or her needs (Lamb et al, 2012, p. 256). This is adequately assisted by the internet which provides a wide range of information of the products available that can satisfy the need. John Lewis has stand-by personnel on the internet ready to assist consumers seeking information on a product or a service (John Lewis, 2012). John Lewis deals with numerous products. Therefore, the customer is provided with all the information on the available products in the market. The company personnel are expected to entice the customers into buying the product (John Lewis, 2012). As according to Brassington and Pettit (2006, p. 346-50), after the customer acquires all the

Principles of Paediatric Nursing Practice | Case Study

Principles of Paediatric Nursing Practice | Case Study This essay will reflect on the principles of nursing practice in relation to my practice experience. A case study of a child and family I provided with care is presented in this essay and shall discuss how the care provided to the child and his family reflects the three principles of nursing applied during this episode of care. This shall demonstrate my knowledge of the principles of care based on evidence-based literature. In addition, the professional, legal and ethical frameworks that guide nursing will be explored. Furthermore, I will discuss the implications in relation to my future role as a child nurse highlighting my rationale behind the selected child and family. In this essay, I shall maintain confidentiality by using pseudonyms when referring to individuals and organisations involved in accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery code for professional practice (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC 2008). I will be using the name Andrew when referring to the patient. Principles of nursing practice involve eight statements published by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN 2012). These principles apply to all nursing staff and tell what the public can expect from nursing practice, whether they are patients, families, friends or carers of patient (Watterson et al 2012). According to RCN (2012) the principles of nursing practice were developed by patients, nurses and others involved in healthcare to put in place values that can be supported by everyone. This was introduced by the RCN incorporation with the NMC, Patient and Service Organisation and the Department of Health (DOH). They were put in place to show service users and their families what they are to expect from nursing practice regardless of whether the provider is a registered nurse, practitioner, nursing student or health care assistant (RCN 2010). The principles of nursing practice consist of eight principles which provide a dominant framework for achieving good quality nursing care and exce llent nursing’s involvement to improve healthcare outcomes and patient experiences (Manley et al 2011). These also explain how nurses must treat their patients with humanity and dignity, be responsible for care provided, manage risks, keep their knowledge and skills up to date, provide person centred care, communicate with their patients and work collaboratively with other health and social care professionals (Calkin 2010). The chief executive and general secretary of RCN highlighted how unique these principles are and how they bring the public together in one place and the expectations of nurses. He also pointed out how the principles have been designed to help patients, carers, nursing staff, organisations and decision-makers to know exactly what quality nursing care should look like (Carter 2010). The NMC Code of Professional Conduct encourages health care professionals to provide high standard care and all care givers are expected to work within its framework and guidelines (Dolan and Bolt 2008). The code of is a set of rules that all nurses and midwives should follow in order to provide good practice and it also reminds them of their professional responsibilities. The code highlights the behaviour, ethics and performance expected from nurses and midwives in United Kingdom. The main purpose of the code is to safeguard the well-being and safety of the public. According to the NMC Code care givers must respect everyone and treat them with dignity. It also encourages nurses to take special care when vulnerable people are concerned (Herman Miller 2012). The code is also used as a tool to see if a nurse or midwife is fit to practise when their fitness to practise is questioned (Goldsmith 2011).The code is used as a guide for daily practice for nurses and midwives. The NMC also has other standard, guidance and advice alongside the code that are used to support professional development. During my practice placement, I provided care to Andrew, a new born baby who was admitted to the ward I was placed. His mother took methadone while she was pregnant. Andrew was brought to the ward because he was presenting with some withdrawal symptoms such as diarrhoea and vomiting, fever, hyperactive reflexes, seizures and blotchy skin colouring. Doctors suspected neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) on Andrew. This occurs in newly born babies whose mothers abuse illegal or prescription drugs while pregnant. When the mother takes the drugs, the drugs will get passed through the placenta to the baby, this causes the unborn baby to be addicted to the drugs along with the mother. The baby will still be dependent on drugs whilst in the mother’s womb. After birth the baby will show some withdrawal symptoms because they will no longer be exposed to drugs (Vucinovic et al 2008). Andrew had severe symptoms which means he needed to be constantly monitored. Substance-using pregnant wome n represent a high-risk population; their substance-use has an impact on their own health and wellbeing as well as that of the developing foetus (Oikonen 2012). Babies born to a substance-using pregnant mother have high chances of developing withdrawal conditions in the immediate post-partum period; this is known as neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) Part of my role as a nursing student in that unit was to observe the principles of nursing practice to ensure patients and their families are fully informed and provided with help that they needed to make decisions about their children’s care. Andrew’s mother was still using methadone and was known to be very reluctant and disengaged with healthcare resources and needed to be prompted about Andrew’s needs during her presents on the ward. Sometimes she would leave the baby unattended without informing the nursing staff of her whereabouts. There were also some situations whereby Andrew’s mother was kept away from Andrew especially when she is under the influence of drugs. It was our duty to ensure safety is maintained at all times. I am going to be looking at how principles D, E and G were reflected on the care provided to Andrew and his family. Principle D states that nursing staff should provide and promote individualised care that enables patient centred approach. The patient centred approach is about looking at an individual’s personal preferences and concerns. This should include patients, families, service users and their carers and involve them in decisions and help them make informed choices about their treatment and care (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE 2012). In Andrew’s case family centred care was also provided. Family centred care aims to work with a child’s parents or guardians in order to effectively meet the child’s needs (Bowden el al 2011). According to HM Government (2004) on Every Child Matters, children will have the best outcomes through agencies working in partnership with families. The Children Act (2004) emphasises the need for all chi ldren’s services authorities in England to be aware of the importance of parents and other person’s, caring for children when trying to improve a child’s well-being. The benefit of partnership working needs to be communicated clearly to families and reinforced with positive practitioner’s attitudes, approaches and plans. Andrew’s mother was not always there for him, but the nursing staff made sure that she was regularly updated about Andrew’s condition and the treatment available for him. She was also reassured that there was a good family team which was ready to assist her whenever she needed help. Information concerning her own condition was also provided to her to enable her to get help and support that is tailored made for her. We were able to understand Andrew’s mother as an individual and show compassion and commitment in the provision of care as stated by the Chief Executive General Secretary of the RCN (RCN 2012). A care plan which looked at Andrews care needs was produced by the nurses. This helped all the nurses who cared for Andrew see what his individual needs were. This care plan promoted person centred care because it just looked at Andrew’s condition and what his needs were. NHS Commissioning Board encouraged all staff, nurses and midwives to embrace the values of nursing care and comply with the 6Cs. The 6 Cs where brought about by a strategy called Compassion in Practice introduced by the NHS Commissioning Board and DOH. These include caring, compassion, commitment, courage, competence and communication (Ford 2012). According to Chief Nursing Officer for England, the values are there to make sure nursing staff provide their patients with the best care with compassion and clinical skill (Cummings 2012). As a future child nurse, my first priority was Andrew. According to the safeguarding children, a person working in a sector where there is contact with children and/or their families has a duty to safeguard and promote the welfare of children. I and all the other nursing staff worked closely with each other and all multidisciplinary teams (MDT) involved in Andrew’s care to ensure care and treatment was delivered in high standards, communication was also maintained to allow continuous care across teams. This is stated in Principle G of the principles of nursing practice and in addition to this, the NMC (2008) expect nurses to refer patients to another practitioners when it is in the best interest of someone in their care. Andrew was referred to other professionals such as dietician to meet his nutritional needs, social worker to safeguard him and have access to other agencies that provide services to vulnerable children and physiotherapist. The physiotherapist was there because Andrew had Metatarsus Adductus which is a deformity of the feet. He was demonstrating and educating the mother about exercises she could give Andrew in order to help his feet. He also advised her to keep mobilising Andrew so that he can have the ability to move his limbs. Principle E states that all nurses should be at the centre of all communication. They should assess documents and report on treatment and care. They should sensitively and confidentially handle information, be able to effectively deal with complaints and should always report situations they are concerned about (RCN 2008). Effective communication was very much maintained when Andrew’s care was concerned and throughout the MDT. Andrew’s mother would always be updated when there was any change in Andrew’s health or care. She was informed about Andrew’s treatment and all other information such as referrals to other professionals regarding Andrew’s condition. During these episodes, there were some people visiting and some calling the ward claiming to be Andrew’s close relatives, they also requested some information about Andrew’s condition, but we could not provide them with any medical information because all the nursing staff were aware o f confidential issues. An element of education was also given to his mother because it seemed like she did not know a lot about Andrew’s condition. The nursing staff on the ward also maintained a record of Andrew’s mother’s movements and behaviour for Andrew’s safety. During my stay in this placement area, I had the opportunity to witness a MDT meeting. They held a case conference regarding Andrew’s welfare. The meeting was held because Andrew’s mother wanted to be transferred to a hospital closer to Andrew’s father in order to get some support. This meeting involved other professionals and agencies such as nurses, social workers, doctors, police, health visitors and the safeguarding children’s team. The agenda of the meeting was to decide on whether to transfer Andrew and his mother to fulfil her wish and also to share information concerning safeguarding and protecting the welfare of Andrew. Every child matters (2009) expresses how effective information sharing by professionals is essential to protecting and promoting the welfare of children. In this meeting I observed all participants contributing information regarding Andrew’s care. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF 2013), every ch ild in the UK has the right to be healthy. UNICEF works with families, communities and the government to protect the rights of children. It works with the government to ensure that laws and policies work in the best interest of children (UNICEF 2013). In this process Principle G was being applied, which states that all nurses and nursing staff should work collaboratively within their team and hand in hand with other professionals. They should make sure care and treatment provided for patients is co-ordinated and of high standard with the best possible outcome (RCN 2008). Principle G encourages collaborative practice, which is when different health care professionals work alongside each other in order to deliver the best quality of care. It lets health care professionals connect with other professionals who may have the skill achieve goals other professional cannot (World Health Organisation 2010). My rationale for choosing Andrew and his family as the subject of this essay was for me to reflect on his case. It was a very interesting experience which gave me an opportunity to carry out a research on matters of safeguarding children. I have acquired some knowledge and understanding about NAS and the issues around the care of children and the application of the principles of nursing practice. In this episode of care, I have learnt a lesson in situations that staff nurses need to be aware of when planning to deliver and develop patient care. I have also learnt that patient centred care is essential when carrying out my duties in my future role as a child nurse (Dougherty and Lister 2011). As a student nurse I am now aware of the importance of applying principles of nursing practice that help guide nursing staff to deliver good care. I also learnt to be understanding and non judgemental when it comes to patients and their families. Spouse et al (2008) highlighted the requirement of commitment to be an effective tool for nurses, in order to develop effective relationships with patients and their families and also being concerned about their well-being and best interests. She also expressed the importance of nurses’ availability and open to patients and avoiding distancing themselves from patients. This essay has explored three principles of nursing practice in relation to my practice placement experience. A case study of a patient and family provided with care has been discussed and professional, legal and ethical frameworks that underpin nursing practice have been provided. However, nurses should ensure that the principles of nursing practice are always observed in order to allow the delivery quality care. References Bowden V and Greenberg C (2011) Paediatric Nursing Procedures: Principles of Family-centred care Every Child Matters (2009) Change for children available at https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/257876/change-for-children.pdf (accessed on 26 March 2014) Ford S (2012) All NHS staff told to embrace nursing 6Cs (online) at http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/management/all-nhs-staff-told-to-embrace-nursings-6cs (accessed on 20 March 2014) HM Government (2004) Every Child Matters: Change for Children available at http://m.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=13383p=0 (accessed on 26 March 2014) Dougherty L and Lister S (2011) The Royal Marsden Hospital Manual of Clinical nursing Procedures 8th edition Wiley-Blackwell Manley K, Watts C, Cunningham G and Davies J (2011) Principles of Nursing Practice: development and implementation Nursing Standard 25 (27): 35-37 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) Code of Conduct of Professional Conduct: standards for conduct, performance and ethics NMC Oikonen JM, Montelpare WJ, Bertoldo L, Southon S and Persichino N (2012) The impact of clinical practice guideline on infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome British Journal of Midwifery 20 (7): 493-501 Royal College of Nursing (2012) The Principles Of Nursing Practice (online) at http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice/principles (accessed on 20 March 2014) Spouse J Cook M and Cox C (2008) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing 4thedition Churchill Livingstone Vucinovic M, Roje D and Vucinovic Z (2008) Maternal and neonatal effects of substance abuse during pregnancy: our ten year experience. Yonsei Medical Journal 49(5): 705-713. http://www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/pressreleases/PatientExperienceQSAndGuidance.jsp UNICEF (2013) Working for Children worldwide (online) at http://www.unicef.org.uk/ (accessed on 26 March 2014 Nursing Commissioning Board (2012) Compassion in Practice Nursing, Midwifery and Care Staff Our Vision and Strategy, Available at http://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/compassion-in-practice.pdf (Accessed 13 March 2014) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435188 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/articlej/007313.htm http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24435188 http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Guidance/NMC-Guidance-on-professional-conduct-for-nursing-and-midwifery-students.PDF http://www.nursingtimes.net/nursing-practice/clinical-zones/management/new-set-of-principles-for-nursing-care-launched/5022099.article http://www.rcn.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/349549/003875.pdf http://www.rcn.org.uk/development/practice/principles#content http://m.nottinghamcity.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=13383p=0 HMGovernment(2004)Every Child Matters: Change for children.London: Department for Education and Skills, Available at http://www.infed.org/archives/gov_uk/every_child_matters.htm Page 1 of 9

Media: Source of Todays Violence? Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive E

Media: Source of Today's Violence? In recent years, intense scrutiny has come upon the entertainment industry with critics claiming that it has great influence on the minds of today’s youth. But, what exactly are the effects of such an influence? Certain people have exaggerated the effects that it plays on children. Many people, including government officials, have singled out television, video games, and movies as itthe cause of some types of violence simply because it is an easy target for laying the blame. The truth is that these three media sources are nowhere near the actual causes for acts of violence and other crimes. Studies on the issue are, at best, inconclusive on the issue. Many people believe that television, movies, and video games are the cause of crime because they don’t know the facts on the issue. They single them out because they have violent images and suggestive themes and therefore believe that these will create violence in real life. When a violent crime is committed by a youth, the crime is often blamed on the television or the movies that the youth watched or the video game they just played. Many people will start thinking this is true, based on the fact it seems like a plausible explanation. People will start trying to censor violent images and possibly even ban them. But, by censoring the images it will just make people want to see them more. Humans are inherently attracted to violence and if they can’t see it on television or in movies, they will go elsewhere to get it. Violent television, movies and especially video games offer a way to relieve stress without actually committing any crimes or hurting anyone. Before humans could see or engage in virtual violence, we... ...rnment continues legislation on Capitol Hill on the V-Chip. This the government’s answer to controlling what kids can watch. It’s a device that’s implemented into the television set prohibiting certain shows from being viewed. The parents of the household decide what shows to block. This is not the answer. If a kid wants to watch a certain show or movie on television, then they will simply go to a friends house that doesn’t have the V-Chip. My solution to the problem rests on the shoulders of the parents. They parents must be knowledgeable about their child’s maturity level and whether or not they can handle such programming. By educating the parents on the content of certain shows, movies, and video games, I believe the amount of blame toward the entertainment industry for violence will be alleviated. After all, children are a reflection of their parents.

Add Media

No PSYCHOLOGY REVISION- MRS DAWSON Models of addiction There are different models of addiction, these are the biological model, the cognitive model and the social learning model. Initiation – this refers to the process where individuals start to become addictive Maintance – this is the process whereby people continue to behave addictively even in the face of adverse consequences Relapse – this is the process whereby individuals who have managed to give their addictive habit start to show signs and symptoms of the behaviour again. BIOLOGICAL MODEL They say that it is an illness.Addiction is an illness therefore the problem is within the person. Because it is an illness, it can be cured. We are born with something and that something is triggered off. More likely to be addicted to it. If a person quits their addiction, a biological predisposition makes relapse more likely. The role of dopamine in addiction Initiation- Research shows addiction always stimulates the r eward circuit in the brain. Rewarding experiences triggers the release of dopamine and effectively tell the brain to ‘do it again’. Maintance – Drugs eventually result in a reduction in the activity of positive reward circuits in the brain.The negative state then become in dominant driving force in the drug calling. The individual doesn’t take the drug for pleasure, but takes it to avoid unpleasement. Because of this, they need more of the drug. Relapse – Eventually the desire for the drug may assume more importance than more other desires. The frontal cortex has become less effective at making decisions and judging the consequences of action. Imminent reward that forces the addict to take the drugs. The endogenous opiod system This is a type of addiction. It also includes the brain. Transmitters in the brain include enkeohain and the endorphins.They are activated in pleasure. Naltexrexone – this is an alcohol treatment, which prevents opiod receptors, and this also prevents effects of alcohol. Neurodaptation KOCH AND LE MOAL says drugs dependence is to do with neuroadptations. They state that psychoactive drug’s change the brains wiring. If stopped, the changes are no longer needed and causes disruption. Genetics Good way to research this is to study twins. Family studies then to illustrate environmental factors in the development of addiction as well. Need to see if it is environmental or genetic.Agravel & Lynsky 2006 – genetic influence with heritability estimates ranging between 45% -> 79% Kender et all (1998) – 1934 female twins. Drug addiction was mainly due to genetic factor. Blum et al (1991) – addictive off springs had the A1 gene showed that they had fewer dopamine receptors. Those who have these gens are more likely to be addicted to drugs which will produce more dopamine. But this could be because they have fewer dopamine. EVAULATION OF BIOLOGICAL MODEL X range is too wide X an imals are not humans so cant verify. v explains why some people are addicted X BUT sometimes it depends on the environmentX neurotransmitters have complex effects. Not fully understood X neglects social situations X too reductionalist – US soldiers took drugs while they were away but once they were home they didn’t. X some people may be experimenters ? chicken or the egg X very correlation. Can’t connect them in a cause and effect way. X need more research in to it X people may indulge but not addicted X animal studies LEARNING THEORY OF ADDICTION Acquires habits, which are learnt according to the principles of SLT. Things can be unlearned. There are different degrees of addiction. Bandura – Bobo doll Children learnt via observationSome one who is reinforced (operant) their behaviour is more likely yo be limited Vicarious reinforcement – reinforcement received indirectly by observing someone else and being reinforced Imitating someone we admire Cog nitive labelling model An alcoholic walks pass a pub. The cue, associated with the drinking gives a psychological response and actives a memory of drinking. The sign of a high heart rate tells the person they need a drink. Outcome expectancy model Someone who has an addictive behaviour, when they are confronted with a cue for the drug, it might trigger thoughts of excitement and would do it againClassical conditioning Addictive behaviour is also seen as being explained by classical conditioning. Drug abuse became associated with certain environmental factors until these factors alone produce a high. Intuition, maintance and relapse are due to learning experiences involving environmental. The cue-reacting theory Carter and Tiffany (1999) – addicts associates things, which were similar to their addiction. Explained via classical conditioning. The cues become able to elite conditioning responses even in the absence of the action smoking or gambling behaviour. Operant conditionin gPositive reinforcement Pleasant consequences Negative reinforcement Something unpleasant (likely to be repeated) Punishment Unpleasant consequences. Less likely to be repeated. Addicts change their behaviour in response to rewards and punishment. Bring about change in mood and material changes. Skinner – worked with animals. Greater behaviour changes when he gave less reinforcement or when they are unpredictable. Can explain why gamblers may get addicted. They are not winning all the time, makes compulsion strange. Learning Model Initiation – initial rewards shapes future behaviourMaintance – continues rewards reinforce and maintain behaviour Relapse – person giving up, relapse might be less likely if they have ‘relearnt’ the addictive behaviour all individuals are equally suspicious EVAULATION X animals X learning theories are reductionalists v can explain differences COGNITIVE MODEL OF ADDICTION Cognitive is thinking. This emphasises the h abitual ways people deal with life events may lead to addicitive behabviour. A person can rely on drugs or even gambling as a way of coping with life's problems. But these may create more problems than causes.Beck et al ‘the vicious cycle' Low mood -;gt; using smoking/ gambling -;gt; finacial, medical or social problem -;gt; the cycle continues Low mood can be relieved by addictive behaviour. Addiction can lead to problems. These problems lead to low mood. The cycle begins again. Coping : self mediciation model Initation – indivduals uses the addicitive behaviour to copy with stress/psycholoigcal problems. It is not choosen at random, it has been selected to help with a particular problem. Helps fulfil the 3 main functions – mood regulation – performance management – distractionMaintance and relapse – many smaller mention stress relief as a major reason why they keep to their habit Self efficacy theory BANDORA – This refers to one bein g organised and control any actions required to meet particular goal. This plays an important part in whether or not a person will start to engage in addicitive behaviour (initation). Whether they believe they can do anything about it once established (maintance and relaspe) FAULTY THINKING – Addicters lie to themselves because they think that it may bring them luck. But not all things are luck but people believe that whhat they are doing is correct.EVALUATION OF COGNITIVE MODEL Strenghts. – v cognitive explanations help explain individuals differences. Not everyone is addicitive X relative success of cognitive treatment of addicition support there is some cognitive basis Weaknessess – X publication bias – studies show a link between positive expectations and drinking behaviour. But not all studies are publlished so we get an unrepresentative view EXPLANATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ADDICTIONS Smoking – Smoking produces a phsyical addicition to nicotine, inf luencing dopamine production and the brain reward system. The WHO (world health organisations) estimates there are 1. billion smokers worldwide and they smoke 6 trilliopn cigarettes a year. Bad for you Smoking leads to high blood pressure, heart disease, lung disease, cancer and strokes. Pregnant women who smoke are more likely to have premature babies. The fact peoe still smoke knowing the facts shows how addicitve it is. Nicotine There are about 3000 chemical components in cigarette smoke but nicotime is the addicitve chemical. HILTS (1994) compared nicotine with heroin, cocaine, alcohol,m caffeine and cannabis. He ranked nicotine lowest in terms of effect but highest in terms of dependence.Smokers why try to give up have a relapse rate of 70%. Quickly Addictive DIFRANZA (2007) found teenage smokers had strong craving cigarettes two days after staring, suggesting how quickly people became addicted. Reasons to smoke – biological model Nicotine in cigarettes is seen as affect ing production of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine, producing a reward effect. Genetics have more vulnerabilty to smoking addicition. SHIELDS (1992) looked at 42 twins pairs who had been reared apart. Only 9 wre discordant for smoking (one was and was a non smoker, which suggests that genes may play a part) Social FactorsMost people start smoking in their childhood or adolescence. Operant conditioning does not explain this because the first few cigarettes taste horrible. So OC says that they get rewards from peers. Social Learning Theory Children copy their role models because they think it is all right to smoke. Parents But one main influence is the parents. LADER AND MATHESON (1991) said if parents smoked, children were twice as likely to smoke. Cognitive model The cognitive model suggests that teenagers have strategies for not smoking even when pressurised by peers.But there was a group who were ready to smoke (MITCHELL and WEST 1996) Individual differences In a U S study, it suggests strong links between smoking and poor school records, low self-esteem no sport, and other illegal drug taking. Cognitive factors Smokers are seen as possessing irrational thoughts for instance that smoking improves cognitive functionoing or calm nerves. Such dysfunctional ideas can be self-fulfilling AO2 The fact that biological therapies help people quit supports the biological theory. Many people quit nicotine replacements suggesting social and cognitive factors. Supporting evidenceNIDA (2005) found that 90% of American smokers started as teenagers, mainly as a result of copying peers, suggesting SLT as a cause of initiation of smoking. A recent Canadian study (Khaled 2005) found that there was a link between depression and nicotine where depression was higher in smokers and even higher in smokers who wanted to give up. PATHOLOGICAL GAMBLERS Need to meet 5/10 to be problem gamblers. More than 5, you are a pathological gambler. 1/ preoccupation with gambling 2/ need to gamble with increasing amount of money in order to achieve the desired excitement 3/ repeated unsuccessful efforts to control/out back or stop gambling. / restlessness or irritability when trying to out down on gambling. 5/ use of gambling as means of escaping from problems or relieving dysphonic mood. 6/ return to gambling even after losing money, in the hope of winning it back 7/ lying to family members, therapists or others to conceal the extent of gambling 8/ committing illegal acts such as forgery, fraud or theft to financial gambling 9/ jeopardising or losing significant relationships/jobs/educational opportunist as a result of gambling 10/ reliance on others to produce money to relieve a desperate situation caused by gambling Getting a ‘high’One of the motivators is the ‘high’ they experience when they are close to winning. Raised levels of dopamine and noradrenalin have been found in people after episodes of gambling and in serious gamblers . These neurochemicals can be raised with the thought of gambling. Biological Stopping gambling seems to result in the same kind of withdrawal symptoms associated with stopping drugs. ROSENTHAL ET AL (1992) found that over 60% of pathology gamblers, reported physical withdraw and these could be compared with withdrawal of drugs. A number of studies have shown a link between potential brain abnormalities.It is linked between front lobe dysfunction and problem gambling (CAVEAINI ET AL 2002) Genetics There is evidence from studies that gambling could be inherited. Results of a twin study from SHAH (2005) found evidence of genetic transmission of gambling in men. Behavioural/sociocultural factors You are more likely to gamble if you are near a gambling area Alcohol It has been suggested that drinking increasing gambling, particularly in problem gambling. Young, game-machine gamblers stay on the machine longer when drinking. (POLS ET AL 1991). However, regular casino gamblers drink less when they are gambling.Behavioural SLT says that people copy from others. Operant says that people do it for rewards and getting high. Classical says that people associate the winning with the pleasure. Cognitive ZUCKERMAN (1979) claimed there are individual differences in the need for sensation seeking. They look for varied and new experiences. They have a low appreciation of risk and look forward to the ‘buzz’ more than low sensation seeks. Vulnerability of addiction Self esteem Teenagers are more likely to be linked with low self esteem and have addictive behaviours. Higher rates of depression and suicide – DEVERENSKY 2003LEVY 2009 – low self esteem increase the chances of developing addiction. Genetic vulnerability. Several factors might be required have an addiction. AO2 – Cause and effect – addiction because of low self esteem or low self esteem causes addiction. GREENBERG ET AL (1999) found that in a sample of 129-addiction student, no ne had issues with low self esteem. Psychological therapies based on realizing self esteem levels in addicts may stop them relapsing. Attributions Explanations people give for their own behaviour. Cognitive behaviour can play a part in addictive behaviour.MOORE ET AL (1999) says that young male problem gamblers sometimes have unrealistic ideas about their chances of winning and of their ability to make things happen. People with addictive behaviour often have poor self efficacy (blame the outside world) and an external locus of control. They don’t blame their selves. SENEVITNE ET AL (2000) used a questionnaire and 70 alcoholics. The found that alcoholics saw other relapse because they have poor will power while their own relapsed were beyond their control and not their fault. AO2 May have more to do with responsibility of the addict.Therapies focus on positive beliefs on the addicts own power can lead to better success rates. Fast successful quitters in clinics often relapse on the outside as they blame outside cues to starting again. Personality EYSENCH (1997) – psychological resource model which has 3 dimensions which are inherited P (psychoticism) Aggressive, coldness, impulsivity and egocentricity N (neuroticism) Moodiness, imitabilty and anxiety E (extraversion) Optimums, liveliness and sociability There is little evidence to support a link between E and drug dependence. N and P have links with addiction to heroin, alcohol and nicotine.There is a correlation between alcohol addiction and anti social personalities. Gender Men are more likely to gamble because they are more competitive. Recent evidence has shown that there is an increase of women gamblers. With females, they are more likely to be addicted to smoking because of the risks of the consequences. (FOX 1994) However, in gambling more boys are regular gamblers than girls. JACOBS 2001 says boys start gambling earlier, spend more money and enjoy competitive skill based games. Social con text Social context can influence vulnerability to dependency in many ways.Parents can be influenced through their own names to addictive behaviours. Drinking and to a lesser extent, smoking are not seen as sociability acceptable behaviours. CICCHETTIC 1999 states getting drunk and being anti-social can lead to drug abuse as can being depressed or anxious as a teenager. WAGNER ET AL 2002 found cannabis users were more likely to take cocaine so the social context can act as a ‘gateway’ to harder drugs. AO2 LESHNER 1998 believes that treatment must include social context otherwise if cue addict returns to the same social context, they will relapse.KUENTZEL 2008 found that pathological gambler give socially acceptable answers in self reports, playing down their addiction, suggesting data could be invalid. Family influence Teenagers copied off other – SLT. It also shows that a liberal attitude to drugs, poor bonding and dysfunctional relationship can lead to addictiv e behaviour. Parents are unconcerned about their children. Sociocultural background HALL 1990 found people in lower socio economic backgrounds were more likely to take drugs. Poor education + live in areas = high crime VITARA (2001) linked between alcohol abuse and problem gambling particularly in males.The role of media in addictive behaviour The media has influence on addictive behaviour. Advertising This can be used to encourage sales of alcoholic drinks and the lottery etc. or by the government to start anti-smoking campaigns etc. Alcohol and cigarettes CHAPMAN ET ALL 1982 found underage smokers preferred the more adverting brands. ATKIN ET AL 1984 found that 12-17 years old who had watched more adverts on drinking alcohol were more likely to approve of underage drinking. Banned on advert for cigarettes Cigarettes’ adverting is now banned in the UK as evidence as shown people are influenced by the advert they see.Role models Alcohol seems acceptable because of TV and film s. SLT suggests we learn what we see which means TV characterises may influence the audience. Smokers, gamblers or drinkers as long as they are ‘loveable rogues’ could be seen as role models. CHARLTON 1986 seeing adverts made children associate smoking with looking grown up GUNSEKA 2005 found that drug taking in films to be portrayed in positive fashion with little reference to negative outcomes. AO2 Media can be positive influence on addictive behaviour. Media create moral panics which would stop addicts.The impact of media on addictive behaviour is hard to assess as research is correlation so don’t know what other variables are in place. Models of prevention of addiction Addiction = bad for a person and society Behaviour can stem from biological behaviour and cognitive factors with the addictive behaviour/addiction. It is in our interest to help prevent them before they even being or help to stop someone intending to begin an addiction TRA – THE THEORY O F REASONED ACTION AJZEN AND FISHBEIN 1975 There are three general components, attitude, subjective norms and behavioural intention.This theory states the factors that are involved when people decide on their actions. People behave based on their attitudes of the behaviour and the interaction of what others will think of their behaviour. Essentially this model believes that if you have an intention to engage in a behaviour it can predict that you make a decision to carry out the behaviour. CRANO ET ALL 2008 used TRA to estimate teenager’s vulnerability to inhalant abuse, by assessing intention to use or avoid drug taking and actual behaviour. The model was found to be accurate as a predictive toll and thus useful in helping addicts to abstain.AO2 of TRA Critics see TRA as deficient in explaining behaviour of those who have little control over their behaviour, such as addicts. TRA does not consider personality and cultural factors or demographics that shape addictive behaviour. Addicts are often aware of their behaviour and that it is not rational but they cannot help their addiction. THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR – TPB TRA was modified to produce TPB, adding a new component, the influence of perceived control. The theory of planned behaviour ‘perceived control’ – this is similar to Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy.According to TPB behavioural intentions are the outcome of the following beliefs. Attitude this can be a positive or negative evaluation of behaviour combined with beliefs about the outcome (e. g giving up smoking will be hard but will improve health). Subjective norms, perception if social norms ‘my friends will approve of my attempt to give up smoking’. Perceived Behaviour Control: a belief that someone can give up. AO2 of TPB The model assumes behaviours are conscious reasoned and planned, which may not be the case with addicts.As with TRA, TPB often used questionnaires to gather data, which can have issues with self report and social desirability. Most research is western countries cultural bias as individuals might not be as important in eastern cultures. Types of intervention Stages of changes model PROCHASHA AND DICLEMENTE said there were 5 stages that have to be overcome to beat addiction Pre-contemplation – before you start thinking about quitting the addiction. Contemplation – when you start to quit your addiction. Preparation – seek methods to stop addiction. Action – is starting the stopping to the addiction Maintance.People sometimes switch backwards and forwards and this is called ‘the revolving door phenomenon’. People in the preparation stage were more likely to attempt to give up an addiction than those in the contemplation stage. Psychological interventions Aversion therapy Contingency contracting Cue exposure self management technique Aversion therapy Punishment rather than reward. Been used to break smoking and alco hol addiction. Electric shocks every time the individual took addiction but was not successful. The addicts have been given a drug called Antabuse, when they drink alcohol, they are sick. They will link between the two.LANG AND MARLETT – TWO LIMITATIONS X not everyone was willing to take the drug. X doesn’t explain why they become addicted to the behaviour. With smoking, therapy was successful. Had to puff every 6 seconds, made the individual feel ill and nausea, assisted the two – SPIEGLAR AND GUEVREMONT. However, not been consistent across studies and a higher risk associated with this treatment for people who have heart problems. Didn’t focus on the act of smoking rather than causing the underlying addiction. Contingency contracting Individual to identify the environmental factors that are associated with smoking/drinking.The therapist aim to gradually expose the client to different cues and helps them to develop coping strategies to deal with the cues without resorting to smoking/drinking. Reduces the patients physical dependence on alcohol. but it does not teach them to deal with cues when they return to every day life. Cue exposure Addictive behaviour are often caused in the pressure of various stimuli. Cue exposure involves presenting the cue to the individual and helping them t control their reaction to it. In this way the response of ‘smoking’ in the pressure of alcohol fades away or exiting wishes.This is thought to be more effective than simply trying to avoid the cues. For example more drinking. Self-management technique This involves a variety of behavioural techniques. The individual is usually monitored by a therapist. The individual is asked to keep a daily record of their addictive habits and the changes to try and become aware of the things that make them become addictive. The individual should question the effects of the addiction. HALL ET ALL said that techniques can be used as a broader treatment pr ogramme, but they do not seem to be particularly effective on their own. EVAUALTIONWhile these behaviours based can be effective, they all share the problem that they do not really address the underlying reason why people have become addictive in the first place. Often short term With all therapies for addiction, they work better if they are mixed with other therapies based on other treatment. Different ways/treatment to smoking/drinking/drugs Biological interventions have been widely used to help people give up on smoking. There have been different way of tackling with people’s smoking addiction. There are different types of treatment†¦ Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)This type of treatment involves nicotine gum, patches and nasal spray and others. These are effect because they help smokers stop their addiction in several ways. While the smoker take one of these replacement therapies, they are helping to withdraw the symptoms of smoking. These have also shown that the se can have positive reinforcement with the person who is trying to give up. this meaning that the person is more likely to not do it again because they have something to distract them from the actual smoking. With this the client will used varies of different formulations and will slowly used smaller formulations as gum.Even though the client will have an urge to have a cigarettes, there are other ways to come about this. Nicotine patches help because they gradually emit nicotine throughout the day. If the client has a cigarette during the treatment, they are more likely to not repeat this again because the cigarette will be less satisfying. Bupropion Another way of helping with the addiction of smoking is bupropion. This drug works by increasing the brain levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, this simulates the effects of nicotine of these neurotransmitters. This is an effect treatment because it helped to block out the nicotine receptors.This means that the client is less likely that the client will relapse and have a cigarette. It has also bee proven my psychologists WATTS that it is successful. Varenicline This type of drug released dopamine in the brain. It also blocks effects of any nicotine added to the system. Trials have found that varenicline is superior to bupropion in helping people to stop smoking. Also it has helped smokers reduce the amount of cigarettes they have after a 12-week trial. Nicotine vaccines This is a new clinical trial, which is still undergoing at the moment.The type of trial is trying to help produce anti-bodies to the nicotine. The anti-bodies bind the nicotine so it takes longer to go to the brain. This therefore reduces the effect of the cigarettes smoke. EVALUTION Nicotine replacement therapy delivers nicotine into the bloodstream much more slowly than cigarette smokers does. But then it doesn’t satisfy the smoker completely ad maybe the client will give up on the therapy and relapse. Other research has shown that it ’s the nicotine rather than other components that underlines the addiction and this maintains the cigarettes smoking.This therefore doesn’t rid the client the nicotine addiction. There also have been issues with health and safety with the nicotine. Some research has shown that it could cause cardiovascular, cancer, reproductive disorders and delayed wound healing. Because the body is still being supplied with nicotine, this could increase heart rate, coronary blood vessels and temporarily increase bloody pressure. There are quite a few side effects to take just nicotine and because of this, it is advised not to take it during pregnancy but then again it is safer to take nicotine than to smoke in pregnancy.

Off-the-Job Behavior

Textbook Case Study Off-the-Job Behavior 1. Do you believe Oiler’s employee rights were violated? Explain your position. Peter Oiler’s termination from his job by the Winn-Dixie Corporation was an obvious violation of his employee rights. Though balancing employee rights with proper discipline is a constant challenge for HR professionals. But in this case of Oiler, the work place behavior of the employer had not changed and there is no problem, with the co-employers also. Also in the own time, the company have no rights about the way he dress.Hence there is also no such challenge for the Winn-Dixie that it has to terminate Oiler. Hence I would consider that Winn-Dixie has violated the employee rights of Oiler. Also his social security has been compromised. When we consider the situation here is more normal than a similar case in 2005, which happened in Georgia. According to that, the courts consider this as sexual discrimination under 42 U. S. C. Sec. 1983 and Equal Pro tection Clause of the 14th Amendment of the Constitution.And the development of trans-gender transitions has a real concern and the laws accept the claims of discrimination under employer’s categorizing of genders. Thus Oiler’s claim is acceptable and Winn-Dixie has to oblige to the claims of Oiler. Here Oiler’s can be taken as an example of opposition of trans-genders in the general public. Though the laws are guarding them, the manipulation of thought caused by these cases is more than the actual violation. Since the court ruled out as not a violation, it will be a wrong guideline as the decision can be referenced in consecutive references. . What do you see as the consequences of organizations that punish employees for certain off-the-job behaviors? Explain. In the case of punishment of the employees, the people have united against this unrightfully action. Also it had created an uneasy environment among the workers. Most organizations which do the punishment of workers for off-job behaviors as they feel as their right, run the risk of being faced with numerous lawsuits and allegations of partiality and discriminatory practices.Hence these organizations end up with a bad reputation and a question mark for credibility. Which in turn costs, they also face losing customers, business partners and stockholders. There will be a greater number of individuals who do not agree with these abrupt decisions than who support it. Hence they will decide to cut their ties with organizations who favor such practices. It would be safe to assume that many businesses that were previously a part of the Winn-Dixie organizations like financial institutions, suppliers etc. ade the decision to no longer be associated with a company that would practice such unethical and immoral standards of business. This will in turn destroy the past achievement and the support it had earned and also future trades with other organization is also threatened. Hence it completely obliterates the potential success of any business or organization. Any business organization must have rules and regulations which must be followed to and by all employees. Additionally, businesses must have particular methods in place to discipline individuals who do not follow the rules. 3.Would you consider Winn-Dixie an organization that exhibits characteristics of progressive discipline or the hot stove approach? Defend your position. According to me, Winn-Dixie is an organization which exhibits hot stove characteristics. This can be made on seeing the action taken by Winn-Dixie. Oiler has a clean organizational behavior and has a perfect work record. His career track record is also proper and he is considered as an asset by all the workers. When we consider about the harshness of the Disciplinary action, terminating the employee is considered as a most severe disciplinary action.And the Winn-Dixie had done this, hence it is a Hot stove characteristic. The hot-stove approach p unishes all unacceptable behaviors with identical disciplinary actions whereas the progressive approach, warns individuals depending on the harshness and/or the reoccurrence of actions and behaviors which they have previously been warned against. The severe disciplinary action can be taken for an offense is so serious that immediate dismissal is appropriate such as theft, sexual harassment, violence, plagiarism etc.And since the person involved has not done anything, hence he should not be taken severe discipline. Also before taking a decision of terminating the employee, the company neither talked to Oiler for an explanation nor it has given Oiler a verbal warning so that he can be more careful in future. Thus it had taken the action immediately and without giving time to Oiler for confirming his position or giving any explanation. Hence Winn-Dixie is following hot stove procedure in disciplinary actions.